The Cucuteni-Trypillia culture complex dominated the cultural landscape of the Carpathian foothills in eastern Romania, Moldova and the territory of modern-day Ukraine west of the Dnieper River during the Eneolithic (Copper Age) period in eastern Europe, ca. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. DR is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. The DNA analysis at GVSU was funded by a Research Grant-in-Aid and faculty development funds from GVSU. The May-June 2008 excavations were conducted as part of the 2008 GVSU Study Abroad in Ukraine activities. The genetic sequence files reported in the manuscript are available through GenBank ( ) under accession numbers KY198376-198382.įunding: The September 2007 excavations at Verteba were funded, in part, by a Michigan Space Consortium Research Seed Grant to AGN. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Received: SeptemAccepted: FebruPublished: February 24, 2017Ĭopyright: © 2017 Nikitin et al. ![]() PLoS ONE 12(2):Įditor: Cristian Capelli, University of Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM 3,950–2,500 BCE).Ĭitation: Nikitin AG, Potekhina I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Reich D, Lillie M (2017) Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots. At the level of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the TC population from Verteba demonstrates a close genetic relationship with population groups of the Funnel Beaker/ Trichterbecker cultural complex from central and northern Europe (ca. At the same time, the find of two specimens belonging to haplogroup U8b1 at Verteba can be viewed as a connection of TC with the Upper Paleolithic European populations. The results of this analysis, combined with the data from previous reports, indicate that the Trypillian population at Verteba carried, for the most part, a typical Neolithic farmer package of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages traced to Anatolian farmers and Neolithic farming groups of central Europe. This report presents four partial and four complete mitochondrial genomes from nine TC individuals uncovered in the cave. One of the very few TC sites where human remains can be found is a cave called Verteba in western Ukraine. Yet, their burial rituals remain a mystery and to date almost nothing is known about the genetic composition of the TC population. 5,400–2,700 BCE) and left a wealth of artifacts. ![]() In Ukraine, the Trypillian culture (TC) existed for over two millennia (ca. ![]() The agricultural revolution in Eastern Europe began in the Eneolithic with the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture complex.
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